The recognition and binding of lysosomal enzymes to specific receptors in the Golgi apparatus and on the cell surface involves one or more phosphorylated mannose residues on N-linked oligosaccharide chains. Most of the animal and plant lectins are glycoproteins, as are the lysosomal enzymes. Many human plasma proteins such as fetuin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin are glycoproteins, as are several of the hormones such as chorionic gonadotropin and thyrotropin. Important immunological molecules of the glycoprotein class include the immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, blood group antigens of the ABO and Lewis types, complement in the blood clotting mechanism, and interferon. Mucins are significant as lubricants and protective agents in mucous secretions. Collagen is an important structural element in the extracellular space and in cartilage, bone and basement membranes. Glycoproteins have many functions in higher organisms.
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